Geography of Nepal and Transboundary Rivers
Geography · Friday, 28 August 2026
Nepal’s diverse geography ranges from the high Himalayas to the low-lying Terai. The country is the source of major transboundary rivers that feed into India's Ganga system.
Quick highlights
- Three major river systems: Kosi, Gandaki (Narayani), and Karnali.
- Home to 8 of the world's 14 peaks above 8,000 meters.
- Transboundary rivers are critical for irrigation and hydropower in India.
- Geographical zones: Himal, Pahad (Hills), and Terai (Plains).
Hydrological Connection
Nepal's rivers are perennial, fed by both snowmelt and monsoon rains. The Kosi is known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar' due to frequent course changes and flooding.
Transboundary Importance
Rivers like the Gandaki and Kosi enter India, where they are subject to various bilateral treaties for water sharing and hydroelectric cooperation.
Remember this
- Highest Peak: Mount Everest (Sagarmatha).
- Major Rivers: Kosi, Gandaki, Karnali.
- Terai: Lowland region along the border with India.
- Valleys: Kathmandu and Pokhara are the largest.
- Rivers feed into the Ganga River in India.